Semiconductor light emitting element

ABSTRACT

According to one embodiment, a semiconductor light emitting element includes a light emitting layer, a current spreading layer of a first conductivity type, and a pad electrode. The light emitting layer is capable of emitting light. The current spreading layer has a first surface and a second surface. The light emitting layer is disposed on a side of the first surface. A light extraction surface having convex structures of triangle cross-sectional shape and a flat surface which is a crystal growth plane are included in the second surface. The pad electrode is provided on the flat surface. One base angle of the convex structure is 90 degrees or more.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-276839, filed on Dec. 13, 2010; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

Embodiments described herein relate generally to a semiconductor light emitting element.

BACKGROUND

High light extraction efficiency (efficiency of extracting light emitted from a light emitting layer to the outside of a semiconductor light emitting element) is required for semiconductor light emitting elements used in illumination devices, display devices, traffic signals, etc.

By providing a reflection layer under a light emitting layer in a semiconductor light emitting element having a stacked structure, it is possible to increase the light extraction efficiency of the semiconductor light emitting element. In addition, by forming fine uneven surface on a light extraction surface provided on a side opposite to the reflection layer via the light emitting layer, it is possible to further increase the light extraction efficiency. However, it is difficult to sufficiently increase the light extraction efficiency with the uneven surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a semiconductor light emitting element according to a first embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2A is a schematic perspective view of a light extraction surface, and FIG. 2B is a schematic view of convex structures with cross-sectional shape of triangle taken along line K-K;

FIG. 3A is a SEM photograph of a cross-section along line K-K (direction DC) of the light extraction surface, FIG. 3B is a SEM photograph as viewed from directly above the light extraction surface (direction DU), FIG. 3C is a SEM photograph as viewed from the upward direction in 40 degrees obliquely on the front side DF₄₀, and FIG. 3D is a SEM photograph as viewed from the upward direction in 40 degrees obliquely on the lateral side DS₄₀;

FIG. 4A is a schematic view illustrating a light extraction direction when both base angles of the convex structures are acute angles, and FIG. 4B is a schematic view illustrating a light extraction direction in a case of the first embodiment wherein one base angle of the convex structures is obtuse angle;

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a semiconductor light emitting element according to a variation of the first embodiment;

FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional SEM photograph of a convex structure of a semiconductor light emitting element according to a second embodiment, FIG. 6B is a schematic cross-sectional view before forming a convex structure, FIG. 6C is a schematic cross-sectional view after forming a convex structure portion, and FIG. 6D is a schematic cross-sectional view after forming a pillar;

FIG. 7A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a structure of a current spreading layer of a semiconductor light emitting element according to a third embodiment, FIG. 7B is a schematic cross-sectional view after forming a convex structure, and FIG. 7C is a schematic cross-sectional view after forming a pillar; and

FIG. 8A is a first variation of the third embodiment, FIG. 8B is a second variation thereof, and FIG. 8C is a third variation thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In general, according to one embodiment, a semiconductor light emitting element includes a light emitting layer, a current spreading layer of a first conductivity type, and a pad electrode. The light emitting layer is capable of emitting light. The current spreading layer has a first surface and a second surface. The light emitting layer is provided on a side of the first surface. A light extraction surface having convex structures with cross-sectional shape of triangle and a flat surface which is a crystal growth plane are included in the second surface. The pad electrode is provided on the flat surface. One base angle of the convex structure is 90 degrees or more.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a semiconductor light emitting element according to a first embodiment of the invention.

The semiconductor light emitting element is provided with a pad electrode 42, a first stacked structures 30 made of a semiconductor, a light emitting layer 40, a second stacked structure 20 made of a semiconductor, and a support substrate 10.

In FIG. 1, although the semiconductor stacked structure including the first stacked structure 30, the light emitting layer 40, and the second stacked structure 20 is made of an InAlGaP-based material represented by the composition formula In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), the material is not limited thereto, and may be configured with an AlGaAs-based material represented by the composition formula Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)As (0≦x≦1), an InGaAlAsP-based material represented by the composition formula of In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)As_(z)P_(1−z) (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1 and 0≦z≦1), and an InGaAlN-based material represented by the composition formula In_(x)Al_(y)Ga_(1−x−y)N (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, and x+y≦1), or a combination of these materials.

The first stacked structure 30 has a first conductivity type and includes a cladding layer 31 made of In_(0.5)Al_(0.5)P, a current spreading layer 32, and a contact layer 39 made of GaAs. Although the first conductivity type is an n-type in this embodiment, the invention is not limited thereto.

By configuring the light emitting layer 40 to have a MQW (Multi Quantum Well) structure including well layers and barrier layers which are made of In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), it is possible to increase an internal quantum efficiency of emission light and also to have a wavelength range of a visible light.

The second stacked structure 20 has a second conductivity type and is provided between the light emitting layer 40 and the support substrate 10. The second stacked structure 20 includes a contact layer 21 made of GaP, AlGaAs, or the like, an intermediate layer 24 made of InGaAlP or the like, and a cladding layer 25 made of In_(0.5)Al_(0.5)P or the like, in this order from the side of the support structure 10.

The support substrate 10 includes a substrate 11 made of Si or the like, a bonding metal layer 12 provided in an upper portion of the substrate 11, a lower electrode 18 provided on the rear surface of the substrate 11, an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film 14 provided on the bonding metal layer 12, and a current blocking layer 15 made of an insulator such as SiO₂ selectively provided on the ITO film 14. Light emitted downward from the light emitting layer 40 is reflected by the bonding metal layer 12, the current blocking layer 15, and the like, and the light is easily extracted from the light extraction surface.

Here, the first stacked structure 30, the light emitting layer 40, and the second stacked structure 20 are formed on a GaAs substrate, for example, by epitaxial growth technique. Subsequently, an insulating film such as SiO₂ is formed on the surface of the contact layer 21 and is left in a region under the pad electrode 42 and in a part for blocking current flow as the current blocking layer 15, by lithography pattering. The ITO film 14 and a metal layer 12 a such as Au are formed on the patterned dielectric film. The GaAs substrate side having the metal layer 12 a on the surface and the substrate 11 surface having a metal film 12 b including Au or the like on the surface are faced each other, and heated and pressured to bond two substrate in one wafer state, and thus, the bonding metal layer 12 is formed. Here, a broken line indicates a bonded interface.

The current spreading layer 32 includes a first surface 32 a and a second surface and has the first conductivity type. The light emitting layer 40 is provided on the first surface 32 a side of the current spreading layer 32. Furthermore, the second surface includes a light extraction surface 32 d having many convex structures and a flat surface 32 b which is a surface of a crystal growth plane. Here, the pad electrode 42 is provided on the flat surface 32 b of the current spreading layer 32 via the contact layer 39.

FIG. 2A is a schematic perspective view of the light extraction surface as viewed obliquely from above, and FIG. 2B is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line K-K.

The convex structure 32 c with cross-sectional shape of triangle provided on the current spreading layer 32 protrudes along line K-K and has a first side surface 32 e and a second side surface 32 f. The first side surface 32 e has an angle α and the second side surface 32 f has an angle β with respect to a plane parallel to a crystal growth plane which is the bottom portion of the convex structure 32 c. The angle α and the angle β are defined as “base angles” of the convex structure. In the first embodiment, one of the two base angles α and β is 90 degrees or more. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the base angle β is 90 degrees or more. It is possible to form such cross-section of the convex structure 32 c by tilting the crystal growth plane using a tilted substrate and selecting an etching solution appropriately. A formation method thereof will be explained in detail below.

FIG. 3A is a SEM photograph of a cross-section along line K-K (direction DC) of the light extraction surface, FIG. 3B is a SEM photograph as viewed from directly above the light extraction surface (direction DU), FIG. 3C is a SEM photograph as viewed from the upward direction in 40 degrees obliquely on the front side DF₄₀, and FIG. 3D is a SEM photograph as viewed from the upward direction in 40 degrees obliquely on the lateral side DS₄₀.

In FIGS. 3A to 3D, the crystal growth plane is tilted at 15 degrees from the (−100) plane toward the [011] direction. That is, FIG. 3A shows a cross-section of the convex structure 32 as viewed from the direction DC of FIG. 2A, and corresponds to the schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 2B. The cross-section in FIG. 3A is the (011) plane. Furthermore, FIG. 3B shows the light extraction surface as viewed from directly above the light extraction surface (direction DU), FIG. 3C shows the convex structure 32 c as viewed from a direction of 40 degrees obliquely upward on the front side (DF₄₀), and FIG. 3D shows the convex structure 32 c from a direction of 40 degrees obliquely upward on the just lateral side (DS₄₀).

FIG. 4A is a schematic view illustrating a light extraction direction when both of the base angles have acute angles, and FIG. 4B is a schematic view illustrating a light extraction direction in a case of the first embodiment.

In FIG. 4A, emission light g1 from the light emitting layer enters a second side surface 132 b of a convex structure 132 in an incident angle θi1. When the incident angle θi1 is smaller than a critical angle θc, transmitted light g1t and reflected light g1r are generated. When the incident angle θi1 is larger than the critical angle θc, total reflection occurs. When the reflected light g1r enters a first side surface 132 a and an incident angle θi2 is smaller than the critical angle θc, transmitted light g1rt and reflected light g1rr are generated. When the incident angle θi2 is larger than the critical angle θc, it becomes difficult to extract the emission light further more because of the total reflection. When light extraction efficiency in a case without convex structures are defined to be 100%, the light extraction efficiency was 130% in the case where the convex structures of FIG. 4A were provided. Here, when the refractive index of the current spreading layer 32 is assumed to be 3.2 and the refractive index of a sealing layer covering the surface of a light emitting element is assumed to be 1.4, the critical angle θc becomes approximately 26 degrees.

In FIG. 4B, emission light G1 from the light emitting layer enters a first side surface 32 d of the convex structure 32 c, and, when the incident angle θi1 is smaller than the critical angle θc, transmitted light G1t and reflected light G1r are generated. Here, when the incident angle θi1 is larger than the critical angle θc, the total reflection occurs. When the reflected light G1r enters a second side surface 32 e and the incident angle θi2 is smaller than the critical angle θc, transmitted light G1rt and reflected light G1rr are generated. Further, when the reflected light G1rr enters the first side surface 32 d and the incident angle θi3 is smaller than the critical angle θc, the reflected light G1rr is transmitted.

In the first embodiment, since the surface area of the convex structure 32 c can be increased, the number of reflections within the convex structure 32 c becomes larger than that in the case of the shape shown in FIG. 4A and thus more emission light can be extracted. Accordingly, it is possible to increase the light extraction efficiency. The light extraction efficiency was 145% in a semiconductor light emitting element having the convex structures 32 c as shown in FIG. 4B. Furthermore, it has been found from an experiment by the inventors that the light extraction efficiency can be increased to 150% compared with the light extraction efficiency of a light emitting element having a flat light extraction surface without convex structures when a range of the base angle α of the first side plane 32 d is set to be a range from 35 degrees or more to 45 degrees or less.

When the light extraction surface is made of one of In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)As (0≦x≦1), In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)AszP_(1−z) (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1 and 0≦z≦1), and In_(x)Al_(y)Ga_(1−x−y)N (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, and x+y≦1), it is easy to form the convex structures 32 c with the base angle ≧90 degrees by setting a crystal growth plane tilted from the {100} plane with an angle between 10 degrees and 20 degrees. Furthermore, it is more preferable to set a tilt direction from the {100} plane to be an A plane direction which is the (111) group-III plane or a B plane direction which is the (111) group-V plane. Note that, the {100} plane includes equivalent planes represented by (100), (010), (001), (−100), (0-10), or (00-1).

On the wafer surface having such a tilt angle described above, the convex structures 32 c with the base angle≧90 degrees as shown in FIG. 2B can be formed by using a wet etching method. They are so-called frost concave-convex structures. Crystal degradation by the wet etching process is suppressed compared with the dry etching process such as an RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) method. Thus, it is easy to keep a high luminance even in a long term operation with the convex structures formed by the wet etching process. Here, it is preferable to set the height of the convex structures 32 c to be equal to or larger than 20 nm or the like, for example. It is possible to use a water solution containing hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and hydrofluoric acid or the like, for example, for the wet etching solution.

The current spreading layer 32 can spread carriers injected from the pad electrode 42 in the plane of the light emitting layer 40. The contact layer 39 provided between the current spreading layer 32 and the pad electrode 42 is made of GaAs. The contact layer 39 is removed from the second surface of the current spreading layer 32 only in a region where the convex structures 32 c are formed to provide make the desired light extraction surface 32 d. The current spreading layer 32 is etched by using the contact layer 39 as a frost mask to form the frost having the convex structure 32 c. In FIG. 1, although the contact layer 39 remains under the pad electrode 42, the pad electrode 42 can be formed directly on the flat current spreading layer 32 by removing the GaAs layer.

Furthermore, when a narrow-line electrode having a width of 10 μm or less, for example, is provided around the pad electrode 42, the narrow-line electrode can be provided on the GaAs layer. Alternatively, a self-aligned structure in which the narrow-line electrode is patterned on the GaAs layer and then GaAs is etched by using the narrow-line electrode as a mask can be employed. In this case, the frost concave-convex structures can be formed uniformly close to the vicinity of the narrow-line electrode and it is possible to increase the light extraction efficiency further more.

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a semiconductor light emitting element according to a variation of the first embodiment.

The semiconductor light emitting element is provided with a pad electrode 42, a first stacked structure 30 made of a semiconductor, a light emitting layer 40, a second stacked structure 20 made of a semiconductor, and a support substrate 10.

The first stacked structure 30 has the first conductivity type and includes a cladding layer 31 made of In_(0.5)Al_(0.5)P, a current spreading layer 32, and a contact layer 39 made of GaAs. Although the first conductivity type is an n-type, the invention is not limited thereto. By configuring the light emitting layer 40 to have a MQW structure including well layers and barrier layers which are made of In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), it is possible to increase an internal quantum efficiency of the emission light and also to set the wavelength arbitrarily in a visible light range. The second stacked structure 20 has the second conductivity type, and a cladding layer 25 which is made of In_(0.5)Al_(0.5)P or the like and provided between the light emitting layer 40 and a substrate 12 made of GaAs and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) layer 23 which is a multilayer film made of InGaAlP, GaAlAs or the like and selectively reflects light having a wavelength of the emission light from the light emitting layer 40 are formed on the substrate 12. The light emitted downward from the light emitting layer 40 is reflected by the DBR layer 23 and can be extracted from above. Furthermore, the rear surface of the substrate 12 is provided with a lower electrode 18.

The current spreading layer 32 includes a first surface 32 a and a second surface 32 b, and has the first conductivity type. The light emitting layer 40 is provided on the first surface 32 a side of the current spreading layer 32. Moreover, the second surface includes a light extraction surface 32 d having multiple convex structures and a flat surface 32 b which is a crystal growth plane. Here, the pad electrode 42 is provided, for example, via the contact layer 39 on the flat surface 32 b of the current spreading layer 32. It is also possible to employ a structure in which current does not flow directly under the pad electrode 42 by providing a current blocking layer between the pad electrode 42 and the contact layer 39. Also in the variation, it is possible to increase the light extraction efficiency up to 145% by forming the convex structures 32 c as shown in FIG. 4B for the light extraction surface of the current spreading layer 32, in comparison with a case where convex structures are not formed. Furthermore, it has been found from an experiment by the inventors that the light extraction efficiency can be increased to 150% when the base angle α of the first side plane 32 d is set between 35 degrees and 45 degrees, compared with that of a semiconductor light emitting element having a flat light extraction surface without convex structures. When the light extraction surface is made of In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), it is easy to form the convex structure 32 c by using a GaAs substrate tilted from the {100} plane with an angle range between 10 degrees and 20 degrees for the substrate 12. Furthermore, it is more preferable to set a tilt direction from the {100} plane to be the (111) group-III plane direction or the (111) group-V plane direction.

FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional SEM photograph of a convex structure of a semiconductor light emitting element according to a second embodiment, FIG. 6B is a schematic cross-sectional view before forming a convex structure, FIG. 6C is a schematic cross-sectional view after forming the convex structure, and FIG. 6D is a schematic cross-sectional view after forming a pillar.

A current spreading layer 32 includes a first surface and a second surface and has the first conductivity type. A light emitting layer is provided on the first surface side. On the second surface, there are provided a light extraction surface including a pillar 34 a, a convex structure 33 a provided on the pillar 34 a, and a bottom portion 34 b provided around the pillar 34 a, and a flat surface having a surface of a crystal growth plane. At least a part of the bottom surface 33 b of the convex structure 33 a protrudes from a sidewall 34 c of the pillar part 34 a in the lateral direction. The light extraction efficiency was 140% in a semiconductor light emitting element having the convex structures 33 a as shown in FIG. 6A. A head portion including the bottom surface 33 b of the convex structure 33 a which protrudes from the pillar 34 a has a shape like a key head portion and realizes a high adhesion strength in which a sealing layer made of silicone resin or the like and the current spreading layer 32 are interlocked with each other. When the convex structure 33 a is not provided with the head portion having a key shape, the sealing layer may be easily peeled off from the current spreading layer and the light output is reduced because of the light output direction shift.

At the bottom portion of the convex structure 33 a provided in a first layer 33, a first side surface 33 e and a second side surface 33 f have angles α and β, respectively with respect to a plane parallel to the crystal growth plane. The angle α and the angle β are defined as “base angles”.

As shown in FIG. 6B, the current spreading layer 32 includes the first layer 33 formed by crystal growth on an inclined substrate and a second layer 34, and the composition formula is represented by In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1). The first layer 33 has an Al composition ratio y of 0.3. Furthermore, the second layer 34 has an Al composition ratio y of 0.7 which is higher than the composition ratio y of the first layer 33. The etching rate of the first layer 33 is assumed to be approximately five times larger than that of the second layer 34. The protruding portion 33 a has a saw-tooth-like cross-section in a state of just etching shown in FIG. 6B. The pillar part 34 a is formed by additional etching in the second layer 34 having a higher etching rate as shown in FIG. 6D and the etching is finished when the pillar part 34 a comes to have a desired height from the bottom plane 34 f of the bottom part 34 b. In this manner, the convex structure 33 a having a key shape is provided for the current spreading layer 32, and thus it is possible to improve the adhesiveness between the surface of a semiconductor light emitting element and the sealing layer.

In the second embodiment, the convex structure 33 a and the pillar 34 a increase the surface area of the light extraction surface 32 d to increase the number of light reflections, and thus, the light extraction efficiency can be increased. Furthermore, it has been found from an experiment by the inventors that the luminance can be increased when the Al composition ratio y of the current spreading layer 32 has a higher value of 0.7. Accordingly, the portion other than the convex structure 33 a is configured with the second layer 34 which has a higher Al composition ratio y of .7.

FIG. 7A is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a structure of a current spreading layer of a semiconductor light emitting element according to a third embodiment, FIG. 7B is a schematic cross-sectional view after forming a convex structure, and FIG. 7C is a schematic cross-sectional view after forming a pillar.

In the third embodiment, the current spreading layer 32 includes a first layer 33, a second layer 34, a third layer 35, and a fourth layer 36. The first layer 33 has an Al composition ratio y of 0.3 and a thickness of 600 nm. The second layer 34 has an Al composition ratio y of 0.7 and a thickness of 400 nm. The third layer 35 has an Al composition ratio y of 0.3 and a thickness of 500 nm. Furthermore, the fourth layer 36 has an Al composition ratio y of 0.7. Here, preferably, the first layer 33 has a thickness of 600 nm±200 nm, the second layer 34 has a thickness of 400 nm±200 nm, and the third layer 35 has a thickness of 500 nm±200 nm. Furthermore, preferably, the Al composition ratio y of the first layer 33 is 0.3±0.15, the Al composition ratio y of the second layer 34 is 0.7±0.15, and the Al composition ratio y of the third layer 35 is 0.3±0.15.

First, as shown in FIG. 7B, a convex structure 33 a is formed in the first layer 33 after etching of 600 nm depth. Subsequently, by additional etching, a pillar 34 a is formed having a height of approximately 600 nm since the etching rate of the second layer 34 is five times higher than that of the first layer 33. Since the etching rate of the third layer 35 is approximately one fifth lower than that of the second layer 34, the surface of the third layer 35 acts as an etching stop layer, and thus the height of the pillar 34 a can keep accurately and also stably. By providing the fourth layer 36 having a high Al composition ratio y of 0.7, it can be improve the luminance.

FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B, and FIG. 8C are schematic cross-sectional views of light extraction surfaces of a first variation, a second variation, and a third variation of the third embodiment, respectively.

In FIG. 8A, the Al composition ratio y of a second layer 34 is inclined along the depth direction from 0.3 to 0.7. As a result, a pillar 34 a becomes finer in a deeper part. Therefore, the adhesiveness is improved between a sealing layer and a current spreading layer 32.

In FIG. 8B, the Al composition ratio y of the second layer 34 is reduced from 0.7 to 0.3 along with the depth. As a result, the pillar 34 a becomes thicker along with the depth. In this case, light G11 enters a sidewall 34 d of the pillar 34 a to be totally reflected, and then becomes output light G11 a from the convex structure 33 a. Furthermore, light G13 enters a sidewall 34 e after totally reflected by the side wall 34 d and generates transmitted light G13 a and reflected light. The reflected light generates output light G13 b and reflected light from the sidewall 34 d. In this manner, reflection and transmission are repeated, and it is possible to increase the light extraction efficiency. Moreover, light G12 also can be output from an exposed surface 35 a of a third layer 35.

FIG. 8C shows a convex structure 33 a having a saw-tooth-shaped cross-section as in the second embodiment. That is, when the convex structure 33 a is made of In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), a plane tilted from the {100} plane with an angle between 10 degrees and 20 degrees, for example, is used as the crystal growth plane. In addition, more preferably, the tilt angle from the {100} plane is the (111) group-III plane direction or the (111) group-V plane direction.

Furthermore, the base angle β of the convex structure 33 a is configured to be 90 degrees or more. In the emission light, light G10 which has passed through a pillar 34 a and entered the convex structure 33 a enters a first side surface 33 b and branches into transmitted light G10 a toward the outside and reflected light. The reflected light enters a second side surface 33 c and generates transmitted light G10 b and reflected light. The reflected light at the second side surface 33 c enters the first side surface 33 b again and becomes transmitted light G10 c and reflected light. The reflected light is extracted from the second side surface 33 c as transmitted light G10 d. In this manner, reflection and transmission are repeated many times and thus, the light extraction efficiency can be increased. Furthermore, light which has entered the sidewall from the inside of the pillar 34 a enters the convex structure 33 a and can be extracted to the outside after repeating transmission and reflection. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency can be increased up to 145% in comparison with the case without convex structures. Further, it has been found from an experiment by the inventors that the light extraction efficiency can be improved to 150% when the other base angle α of the convex structure 33 a is between 35 degrees and 45 degrees, in comparison with the light extraction efficiency of a light emitting element having a flat light extraction surface without convex structures.

As described above, according to the first to third embodiments and the accompanying variations, it is possible to provide a semiconductor light emitting element having improved light extraction efficiency by controlling the shape of the convex structures. These light emitting elements can be widely used in illumination devices, display devices, traffic signals, etc.

While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel embodiments described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modification as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions. 

1. A semiconductor light emitting element, comprising: a light emitting layer capable of emitting light; a current spreading layer of a first conductivity type having a first surface and a second surface, the light emitting layer being provided on a side of the first surface, the second surface including a light extraction surface having convex structures with cross-sectional shape of triangle and a flat surface which is a crystal growth plane; and a pad electrode provided on the flat surface, one base angle of the convex structure being 90 degrees or more.
 2. The element according to claim 1, wherein the crystal growth plane is tilted from a {100} plane with an angle between 10 degrees and 20 degrees.
 3. The element according to claim 2, further comprising: a support substrate provided on a side of the light emitting layer opposite to the current spreading layer; a layer of a second conductivity type provided between the light emitting layer and the support substrate; and a reflection layer provided between the support substrate and the layer of the second conductivity type and reflecting the emission light from the light emitting layer, a part of light reflected by the reflection layer being extracted from the light extraction surface.
 4. The element according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting layer and the current spreading layer include a compound semiconductor made of group-III elements and group-V elements, and the compound semiconductor includes at least one of In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x ≦1 and 0≦y≦1), Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)As (0≦x≦1), In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)As_(z)P_(1−z) (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1 and 0≦z≦1), and In_(x)Al_(y)Ga_(1−x−y)N (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, and x+y≦1).
 5. The element according to claim 4, wherein the crystal growth plane is tilted from a {100} plane toward a (111) group-III plane or a (111) group-V plane.
 6. The element according to claim 4, further comprising: a support substrate provided on a side of the light emitting layer opposite to the current spreading layer; a layer of a second conductivity type provided between the light emitting layer and the support substrate; and a reflection layer provided between the support substrate and the layer of the second conductivity type and reflecting the emission light from the light emitting layer, a part of light reflected by the reflection layer being extracted from the light extraction surface.
 7. The element according to claim 1, further comprising: a support substrate provided on a side of the light emitting layer opposite to the current spreading layer; a layer of a second conductivity type provided between the light emitting layer and the support substrate; and a reflection layer provided between the support substrate and the layer of the second conductivity type and reflecting the emission light from the light emitting layer, a part of light reflected by the reflection layer being extracted from the light extraction surface.
 8. The element according to claim 1, wherein the other base angle of the convex structure is between 35 degrees and 45 degrees.
 9. A semiconductor light emitting element, comprising: a light emitting layer capable of emitting light; a current spreading layer of a first conductivity type having a first surface and a second surface, the light emitting layer being provided on a side of the first surface, the second surface including a light extraction surface having convex structures with cross-sectional shape of triangle and a flat surface which is a crystal growth plane, a crystal orientation of the crystal growth plane being tilted from a {100} plane with an angle between 10 degrees and 20 degrees; and a pad electrode provided on the flat surface, the light emitting layer and the current spreading layer including a compound semiconductor made of group-III elements and group-V elements, and the compound semiconductor including at least one of In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)As (0≦x≦1), In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)AszP_(1−z) (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1 and 0≦z≦1), and In_(x)Al_(y)Ga_(1−x−y)N (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, and x+y≦1).
 10. The element according to claim 9, further comprising: a support substrate provided on a side of the light emitting layer opposite to the current spreading layer; a layer of a second conductivity type provided between the light emitting layer and the support substrate; and a reflection layer provided between the support body and the layer of the second conductivity type and reflecting the emission light from the light emitting layer, a part of light reflected by the reflection layer being extracted from the light extraction surface.
 11. The element according to claim 10, wherein the crystal growth plane is tilted from a {100} plane toward a (111) group-III plane or a (111) group-V plane.
 12. The element according to claim 10, wherein the other base angle of the convex structure is between 35 degrees and 45 degrees.
 13. A semiconductor light emitting element, comprising: a light emitting layer capable of emitting light; a current spreading layer of a first conductivity type having a first surface and a second surface, the light emitting layer being provided on a side of the first surface, the second surface including a light extraction surface and a flat surface which is a crystal growth plane, the light extraction surface having a pillar, a convex structure provided on the pillar and a bottom portion provided around the pillar; and a pad electrode provided on the flat surface, at least a part of a bottom portion of the convex structure protruding from a sidewall of the pillar.
 14. The element according to claim 13, wherein the crystal growth plane is tilted from a {100} plane with an angle between 10 degrees and 20 degrees.
 15. The element according to claim 14, wherein the light emitting layer and the current spreading layer are made of a compound semiconductor including group-III elements and group-V elements, and the compound semiconductor includes at least one of In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)P (0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1), Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)As (0≦x≦1), In_(x)(Al_(y)Ga_(1−y))_(1−x)AszP_(1−z) (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1 and 0≦z≦1), and In_(x)Al_(y)Ga_(1−x−y)N (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, and x+y≦1).
 16. The element according to claim 15, further comprising: a support substrate provided on a side of the light emitting layer opposite to the current spreading layer; a layer of a second conductivity type provided between the light emitting layer and the support substrate; and a reflection layer provided between the support substrate and the layer of the second conductivity type and reflecting the emission light from the light emitting layer, a part of light reflected by the reflection layer being extracted from the light extraction surface.
 17. The element according to claim 15, wherein the crystal growth plane is tilted from a {100} plane toward a (111) group-III plane or a (111) group-V plane.
 18. The element according to claim 17, further comprising: a support substrate provided on a side of the light emitting layer opposite to the current spreading layer; a layer of a second conductivity type provided between the light emitting layer and the support substrate; and a reflection layer provided between the support body and the layer of the second conductivity type and reflecting the emission light from the light emitting layer, a part of light reflected by the reflection layer being extracted from the light extraction surface. 